Professional Film opening sequences



James Bond - Skyfall
Even from the very beginning of sequence there is considerable tension and drama. The use of the quick camera shots ( usually lasting for a split second) both build the scenery and also make the filming correspond more to the action that is actually happening on screen. At the start we see a silhouette of a character (James Bond) at the end of a hallway. The camera is not completely straight nor is it in focus. This is done for effect as to make the scene more mysterious and enigmatic, it also gives an insight into what the atmosphere is like; dark and not knowing what's going to happen. The camera then follows the character through into another room in one single pan shot. This actually makes the clip smoother and keeps consistence. We could assume that the camera is tracking the main character,  he is almost always on scene apart from the conversation which happens very briefly. This is somewhat suggestive to the attitude of Bond himself, dismissing his environment with aggression and awareness. The setting of the film remains dark and the only source of light comes from the Window which makes the scene more believable as opposed to artificial lighting which would not be as authentic. Interestingly, there are no opening credits or text perhaps because this would distract from the storyline as opposed to cutting in-between text stills.


500 days of Summer

This opening sequence is effective for various different reasons. The first being the use of dialogue and non-diegetic sounds such as the voiceover. This introduces the film, giving us some background information regarding events and grabs our attention immediately as opposed to shots without sound which wouldn't be half as effective. The music itself is faintly heard in the background as not to distract from what is being said but to merely progress the sequence and make it more smooth. The music here is critical in catching the audiences attention and it ties in well with the style of film. It is somewhat enigmatic and urges us to watch on. In addition, there is a small animation that separates the initial scene (this is actually a recurring animation as a form of documenting events and notifying when scenes takes place). The sequence then goes on, flashing back to main characters as children, this is a good way of informing the viewer a bit more about each person even before we get into the main storyline itself. Towards the end the scene is cut in two and we hear new music that is much more upbeat. Text then appears introducing actors names.





The Boat That Rocked

This film starts rather subtly, filming a boy as he is going to bed. It then films a pan shot as he walks into his room and getting into bed. The boy then turns on his radio and puts it under his pillow. He is obviously going against what his parents have told him to do and this is what progresses the film as there are suddenly shots of the pirate DJ speaking intermittently between shots of people dancing to the music. From this point forward the music is heard louder and the entire scene becomes more chaotic and busy. There is also an animation that is stylized like radio stations that gives us key information about pirate radio at the time and also the names of the actors. The font isn't very big as to not distract from the video being played as they change between shots. This animation is more professional looking and interesting as opposed to simple text displayed as an overlay. Furthermore, the clip ends with the animation of the title "The Boat That Rocked" . This lasts for 3 seconds so the audience can read the text but it also  informs us of the film title and to signify the progression of the film.

We know the film is meant to be in the nineties because the setting of the house is quite dark and there is no implication of anything modern, for example, the father is reading a newspaper instead of watching the TV. Also, the characters clothing are quite traditional and gives an insight into the characters  lifestyle or personality.

AS Media studies Opening Sequences



The cobra effect:
This opening sequence focuses on this idea of a box being passed around by group of people . The entire film focuses on the box being the focal point as it is never out of sight until the very end. There are also some special effects that really make the clip more professional and urge us to watch on, this being the introduction of each character where it pauses and we see offset colours and their corresponding name. This short freeze and the use of the bold white text allow us to read their name clearly and with enough time. Also, we do not understand what the storyline is until the end narration which informs us about what we have just watched. The effect of this is to build the scene progressively without overwhelming the reader at the beginning.



The Edge:
This student made opening sequence is very quick paced and dramatic.  The use of the 180 degree rule and match on action are used for effect throughout the film to make it seem more serious and realistic but also significantly more professional as opposed to just one type of shot. The final scene is of one of the security guards pointing the gun. At this time their is an effect that is like a pulse that defocuses the camera and then focuses it, the music also stops abruptly which catches our attention because of the very upbeat temp of the music that played before was complimentary to the action on screen. The fact the music stops also signifies that something is going to happen and draw a close to the sequence . There is also text which is tracked by the movement of the gun.  This is effective because for one, it makes the edit seem more professional but it also immerses us and makes the scene seemingly more dramatic or tense as opposed to a fade in transition of text which would be too subtle. The action of pulling the gun is very quick and there is a flash back of all the events that have happened beforehand to remind the viewer what has happened and to add more tension.



Exemption

The very first scene is of an eye, a clock face is edited over the top perhaps to hint on what time of day the scene is meant to take place but it seems that the time is going rather fast, suggesting that whatever has happened must have been a long time. This scene is seemingly immersive due to the extreme close up shot helped by the camera blur around the screen and this rather dark and foreboding atmosphere. However, it is only until we see the first proper scene of both characters being held hostage when we can gage an idea as to what is going on. Interestingly, there is no dialogue, the film relies upon the camera shots and angles and the facial expressions to tell the story. This means that the audience has to guess what the characters might be feeling which is clever because it places us within the scene making it more believable and thus more scary. The music is also very effective as it progressively gets louder at different points, either getting louder when there is a tense scene (when he stabs him with the pen) and quieter when the scene is more slow moving like the part where they escape.


.







 Genre- Drama



















This task involved the class being given a blank template of a man and women. We then chose a genre and then decorated the template correspondingly. My genre was drama which made me think of a detective/crime theme. The task got us thinking about what costumes are appropriate for film making and why this has an effect on the audience. I think the costumes I chose to draw are two very typical reflections of the genre and would make the film more believable as opposed to casual/bland clothes that don't convey either an atmosphere or sense of what the film is about.

Research of costume effect- True detective



The costumes the characters are wearing here really reflect what the show is all about but also give an insight into the personality of each character. "Martin" (on the left) is dressed quite formally as he is wearing a shirt, and tie. However, we understand that he isn't really bothered about his appearance and is more dedicated to the issues he faces in his job. This is hinted upon with the unbuttoned shirt and rolled sleeves which also indicate that he is perhaps stressed and hardworking but also rebelling somewhat. 

Alternatively, "Rust" is seen wearing very dark clothing and again has his shirt rolled up. This gives the impression that he doesn't care what people think of him and maybe the dark shirt is some form of disguise to make him less noticed. The clothing is also critical in suggesting his personality; mysterious and unpredictable. Furthermore, the fact he isn't dressed formally either shows he has no effort in his appearance or in this case, is out of work.

Actually, the clothing is really important in true detective as the characters change their costumes to signify time shifts and help make the characters look younger. It also lets the audience know, chronologically, when pivotal scenes happen as not too confuse the viewer.


What is a target audience? 

The target audience of a film is the desired or intended audience of an advertisement, or message. The content must be relevant to the desired audience and serve the purpose of entertaining them with an appropriate message through that particular genre.

The target audience for the following genres are:

  • Comedy- Teenagers and above. Typically the humour found on most comedies can be rather explicit or only appropriate to older audiences. This audience will also understand the comedy and so this type of genre suits the age well. 
  • Horror- Again, teenagers and above as the content here can be disturbing to people and perhaps younger audiences would not enjoy the film as much. 
  • Action - children,teenagers and adults. Action is normally quite fast paced and easy to watch, the viewer can easily pick up the storyline without much knowledge of what has actually happened prior. I would say that comedy appeals to a more male based audience. 
  • Drama- Older generation of adults because dramas are often rather tense and can be hard to understand, with sub-plots and twists that can confuse the audience. 
  • Romance- Teenage girls and adult women as they tend to be quite light-hearted, or emotional films that would appeal more to a women than a man. 
What would be the target audience for your "idea so far"? And how would you attract these people to watch your film? 
My target audience would probably be teenagers and people of the same age as me(16/17 year olds) as my opening scene will be rather action packed (chase scene) and fast paced. I think the younger audience would be more inclined to watch a film like this as opposed to a more slow going opening sequence that I feel a teenagers could not relate to or enjoy themselves. I would attract these people via social media sites as they are quick, free and reliable methods of spreading the film publicly. Also, a lot of teenagers use sites like these on a day to day basis meaning advertisement would be more widely acknowledged as opposed to just spreading the word. I would also produce film posters (stick them up around local area and can also be used for page profile pictures etc) and other merchandise to further profit and advertise my film. I could think about doing first hand audience advertisement by actually going out and interacting with people as a means of inclining people to watch my film.
This is a stark contrast from the greater scale films that rely heavily upon hollywood billboards and posters in places such as Times Square and London Piccadilly circus. These are far better forms of advertisement and would attract bigger audiences that are commuting in prime locations. Film industries would also pay for online advertisement for youtube ads and webpage ads to bring more traffic.






Wednesday, 9 September 2015
Love Actually Task


We were put into groups and given the task to recreate the opening scene from love actually. We had to think about cast, setting, props, costume and the storyboard. This was the sheet that we were given

























Our group -

Laura Walker
Meghan Kelly
Holly Gunton
Ollie Turner
Emma


Here is the clip from love actually that we will be recreating:



The storyboard




















Task 1- Finding our Cast

We had many issues with casting due to the fact some people could not make the date and had to pull out because of other reasons. Our original cast was:

* Prime minister- Tom Coath ✔️
* Annie- Miss Tremblay ✔️
* Natalie- Rose Mason ✔️
* Terence- Mr Rowe ❌ Mr Dickerson ✔️
* Pat- Caitlin Woolrich ❌ Charlotte Flaherty ✔️

We asked a range of different students and teachers to step in for the people who pulled out and we finally came to a conclusion on the day of filming. We decided to cast students and teachers so that we could easily communicate with them on social media "Yammer" about details to do with the filming. In addition to this, we also needed to cast people who would naturally be wearing a smart uniform so the fact that our peers and teachers did not need to bring a change of clothes aided the whole process.

We decided to cast Mrs Tremblay to be Annie because of her confidence, charisma and background acting. She is also an A-Level drama teacher so will came across convincingly and professionally. For Natalie and the Prime Minister, we chose two A-Level drama students for the same reason- Rose Mason and Tom Coath.  For the role of Pat, we decided to give the role to Charlotte Flaherty as she fitted the description and also had background skills with acting so had confidence when in front of a camera. Finally, we decided on Mr Dickerson to play Terence- he was funny, abrupt and also very convincing in front of the camera.



























Task 2- Setting

* Park Farm

A group of us went down to Park Farm Hotel to ask the managers permission to film on their premises.




















We thought that Park Farm would be the perfect setting for our reenactment of love actually because it is grand, large and relatively posh. We planned for the prime minister to drive up to the entrance and then carry out a match on action of him opening the door from the outside and coming in from the inside. Despite the fact the boss said we could film on their premises, in the end, we could not film there as the date we had decided on meant that Park Farm was not free.

Instead, we found a medium sized room which looked a little like a conference room. It looked very smart and modern. We have decided to add props such as papers, news, books, mugs, a kettle and some vases to make it look more realistic and less like a class room. For the start of the scene,  we have used the outside of the backdoor to the sixth form reception as it is the most convincing number 10.

Task 3- Filming and directing

We got set up at about 16:00 and finished at 17:30. We spent the first half an hour going through scripts, laying out props, perfecting the setting and getting the cameras set up. This was a good use of our time as it meant everything was ready for when we started filming. In the room, we layed out objects such as folders, papers and documents to make it look professional, political and businesslike. We also added little touches such as plant pots and chairs. Downstairs, we got rid of the objects that looked obviously school-like and added objects that looked 10 Downing Street like.

Here are some Images of the filming and directing behind the scenes-

























Fortunately we did not have to do many retakes as we had planned it all out carefully, however from time to time, someobody forgot a line or we didn't get the shot perfect so we re shot it. I think it went very smoothly due to the fact we only casted Mr Dickerson hours before. I was thankful that Park Farm were unable to let us film there as we would have been under too much pressure to finish filming and may not have tried so hard to get the shots perfect.

The storyboard was also planned precisely so that we didn't waste too much time. We followed it to the most part however we did have to change it around a little bit as originally we had planned to film at Park Farm.

Here is the full cast -





























Unfortunately, Mr Dickerson could not be with us for this shot, we had agreed to have him for about 15 minutes as he was busy.

Task 4- The Editing Process
























For our editing, as well as putting the clips together we also used many different techniques and effects. This included fading videos in and out, shortening clips and adding audio. For example, we added the 'Beep' sound effect when doing the 'bloopers' and at the start of the short film, we added the 'clapping' sound effect to mimic crowds cheering for the prime minister. We took our sound effects from YouTube and converted them into MP3 using MP3 converter. We also watched YouTube videos to help us work out how different effects work. Although the editing was fun and interesting, it also came with its difficulties. When we first started editing, we were faced with the problem of our clips zooming in. However, we overcame it by researching how to fix it and trying things out on adobe premier pro. We also learnt how to render our clips and managed to successfully export it onto our desktop and onto YouTube.

Final cut exported to YouTube: 

What is Dialogue?
Dialogue is the conversation between two or more people. The dialogue can add a focus to a particular scene and in turn allow the audience to gain a greater understanding of the story.

Is dialogue necessary in the opening 2 mins of a feature film?
No, dialogue is not necessary for an opening sequence, in fact, no dialogue can actually draw our attention to the film itself more than if there was dialogue there. This is often seen in drama or horror films at the very beginning where there is no conversation and the setting is introduced. In some cases, films are narrated in the opening scenes instead of dialogue (e.g. 500 days of summer) which is used for effect to give personal insight into what the character is thinking. However, other films use dialogue from the very beginning to build a sense of depth and reality to a scene; this makes it more believable and so more appealing to watch. Dialogue can hook us and place us straight into the action without the assistance of music or narration to guide it.

Examples of when dialogue is used and not used in opening 2 minutes: 

Comedy: 
Dialogue used- 



Dialogue not used- 




Horror:
Dialogue used- 

Dialogue not used- 
Action:

Dialogue used- 

Dialogue not used- 
Drama:
Dialogue used- 

Dialogue not used- 
Romance
Dialogue Used-

Dialogue not used- 



Continued:
What are the positive effects of dialogue in  the examples you have used? And what are the negatives?
The effects of dialogue found in each of these clips is that it catches our attention. The dialogue instantly gives a sense of narrative and also informs the audience of what's going on. The dialogue also makes the plot advance and almost places the audience within the scene. This essentially makes the audience more immersed and so more engrossed in the story itself. It can also be used instead of dialogue because it makes the plot more dynamic which is much more effective than going through a step-by-step

What are the positive effects of no-dialogue in the examples you have used? And what are the negatives?
One of the positive effects of not using any dialogue is that it can focus the audiences attention onto what is going on. This means that we have to work out what's happening instead of being directly told. Often, producers will employ the use of other features such as narration or music as opposed to any form of dialogue. This will only be used to progress the scene and explain events that may have an abstract narrative or backstory which we could not decipher otherwise. Almost always, music will be used which is non diegetic. The music will often slowly gradually fade into subtly and build up over any dialogue that may be present. In some cases, opening scenes will show people talking (e.g. love actually) but we cannot actually here what they are saying because the music is edited over the top. The effect of this is that it can create a sense of atmosphere but it also hints on the entire genre.

What issues do you think you would face in your own coursework by using dialogue?
The main issue I would face from using dialogue in my own coursework is that my cast are not professional actors so to speak in a film may be somewhat challenging. I think it would easier and actually more effective if I use little dialogue in my film because the main focus will be more on the action on scene which I do not want to distract from.

What issues do you think you would face in your own coursework by not using dialogue?
I don't think using no dialogue is a particular issue regarding my opening scene, especially when considering my genre is action. However, I understand that using little dialogue could potentially mean that my audience may not understand what is going on or at least get a sense of the atmosphere I intend to create. However, my opening scene should be fairly easy to understand because it is a chase scene so it is self-explanatory. Although, there will be small amount of dialogue at the beginning of the film in the interrogation room both at the beginning and the end.




What is Narration?
Narration is a personal character or non-personal voice that helps develop the storyline and deliver information to the audience. The narrator may be the author as an anonymous voice or as a character seen within the actual film itself.

Narration is comprised of two sectors:
Unrestricted:
We know more, see and hear more, than a character.

Restricted:
We don't know, see or hear more than the main character.

Examples of Narration in film:

Comedy:


In this example narration is used well from the very beginning to attract the audiences attention. The voice heard is of good quality, and we can understand it well in relation to what's going on in the scene. The accent also gives us an insight into where this characters is from and hints upon the entire genre. This method also shows us the main characters perspectives and his outlook on what is wrong or right.
Horror:

Action:

The narration is used mainly towards the end of the clip here which has been used to summarize the scene that has just occurred and tell the audience more information about the characters themselves. The cockney accent is also used to give characters more depth and also to make them more believable as opposed to a foreign/outer London accent.
Drama:


In the Shaw shank redemption we hear the voice of Morgan Freeman. His voice is ideal for the style of film as his voice matches this rather colloquial and ordinary working mans voice and tells us he is of low class. The actor has obviously played up to the role which allows us to develop an understanding of what makes the voice-over so appealing in this clip. Perhaps one of the main things is the loudness and tempo of the narration over the video which isn't too distracting and fits in well with what's going on. In addition, through Narration we get a better understanding of what's going on instead of just being told indirectly which can be at times hard to follow.

Romance:

The narration we hear here is the sound of the main character who is using non diegetic narration to accompany the action on screen. This is used for effect as to give us an insight into what the character is actually saying; giving us a clear perspective of the character. His voice is somewhat upbeat and expressive but also seemingly melancholic which adds a certain theme or personality to Oliver Tate.

What is required for a good piece of film narration?
A film must consider the narration in advance before actually filming a scene. It is important that the voice we hear is actually relevant in terms of context and also things like accent which could make the film/characters more believable. The narration must also be clear and crisp to hear and must not be of poor quality as this wouldn't be as professional as audio that has been recorded in a studio or with audio equipment.

Is narration something that you are contemplating for your own coursework?
I actually might consider using narration in my own work as it can really help fill in the audience with what is actually happening, especially if the opening sequence is rather abstract or hard to understand on its own. However, I must remind myself that the people I am using for the opening sequence aren't real actors and to record audio could be a risk and jeopardise the entire sequence. Ultimately, it depends whether the video I have filmed would be relevant for the scene as I am planning to do a chase/action scene.



What is it?

Breaking the fourth wall is a theatrical term for the imaginary "wall" that appears between both the actors and the audience. This imaginary wall is something the actors have to consider; imagining that they cannot hear or see the audience/camera as to make the storyline more believable. However, sometimes, actors may have to break the fourth wall to get a more direct connection with the audience and allow us to engage with what's happening on screen. Breaking the fourth wall can also help the actors to give a more dramatic or comedic effect when the rule is broken as to speak directly to the audience instead of through dialogue with others. The rule can also hint on what is actually happening in the scene but should not be confused with "aside" or "soliloquy" devices which is where characters on-stage are delivering inner monologues, giving the audience insight into their thoughts.  
Here are some examples of breaking the fourth wall:

Here we can see the film Ferris Bueller’s Day Off where the main character is seen directly speaking to the audience about how to skip school. He talks to the audience like his best friend, using rather colloquial language to engage with us. The film is making it obvious that it'll be breaking the fourth wall as if this was introduced later on then it wouldn't be as consistent.


High Fidelity(2000)
In this clip we are introduced to character, Rob Gordon who disregards the fourth wall by directly explaining to the audience about the top 5 things he misses about Laura. The character is seen moving up and down the street as to make the entire shot more interesting and allow for the camera to follow him. For the majority of the time, the camera shows a medium-close-ups to give us a more personal perspective of what's happening and so the direct speaking to the audience only emphasises this point.

Iago, the villain, is seen talking to the camera about his opinions of Othello. Through use of the "breaking the fourth wall" we can clearly develop a deeper understanding of the character and in fact, we can see more of his facial expressions which only make the scene more believable. This also makes Iago's opinion clear to the audience as he is a pivotal character within the film and if he were to not break the fourth wall, then the it would be hard to decipher between opinions and the entire theme of the story.

I would consider using the fourth wall in my own coursework as to make the entire film a little more believable. However, I am planning on doing an action/thriller sequence so I feel this technique would not be entirely appropriate for this style of film. This technique, however, would be suitable for a comedy or drama which I feel would be considerably difficult to portray and include all the professional camera angles.
Diagetic Sound:
Diagetic sound is the sound that is heard by both the viewer and the actor on-screen. It is the sound that the actors can respond to and interactive with. A good example of this is through dialogue where characters talk to one another  through conversation or monologue form and exhibit knowledge of what each other are saying. This type of sound is also constructed of ambient sound which is sound that is heard in the background but the actors can still hear (this sound can be later edited over the top of the video and can be manipulated to appear quieter or more subdued than the main sound). For example, the sound of footsteps or the wind.

Non-Diagetic sound:
This is the sound that the actors cannot hear but the audience can. The actors cannot acknowledge this sound as to ensure the plot keeps continuity. Non diagetic sound most commonly takes form as either music or narration which can help progress the story or scene somewhat but also highlight crucial parts. Music is typical of this, almost telling the audience what to think before allowing us to  make our own judgement based upon the actors themselves.  It is also used for effect as to keep the flow of the story going and prevent any silence which could potentially put-off the audience especially on TV programmes. Narration can also be used as to help give an insight as to what characters might be feeling and can make the entire scene more believable and less obscure against what is actually going on. It could be used for comical effect too and also guide the plot somewhat by hinting on certain things which could develop the story somewhat.

Both these sound types can actually be used together as way of making the scene more interesting and appealing to watch. This is seen frequently in opening  titles of films where the starting music is played to introduce the titles scene but is then carried on for a few more minutes alongside the video where characters are talking. The non-diagetic sound is often played quieter than the dialogue as to not distract from potentially important storyline.

Examples:

Comedy:



The sound we here in the opening titles of The inbetweeners is completely non -diagetic sound where the music is being played alongside the title animation. This is really effective as the sound is rather catchy and recognisable which means people are more inclined to watch the programme. The music is also light-hearted and seemingly comical which is used to hint to the audience what the style of programme is going to be like.


Horror:




At the beginning of the clip there is this rather classical but rather eerie soundtrack that is played over the footage. This sound is non-diegetic as the characters on screen do not react to the music at all;it is just used for effect. in addition, as the clip progresses, the music gradually becomes louder which signifies that something is about to happen.

Hunger film clip analysis:

what sounds do you hear? Note the effects of this:
  • Footsteps
  • Doors banging/swinging
  • Heavy Breathing
  • Dialogue - Half way through clip
What is the effect of the silence?
The effect of the silence is that it immerses the viewer within the clip to allow us to concentrate more on what's going on. It also adds a severe suspense to the entire scene; making it a lot more serious and dramatic. The silence also suggests that the setting of the prison is far away from any form of civilisation which reinforces the idea that the main character is slowly dying in his own world, far away from anyone else. This is extremely emotional and only urges the audience to watch on.

How do the sound of the birds + the sound of breathing relate to the content?

Describe the music and it's effect?
The music is only gradually heard towards the final scenes of the clip when the flashback happens. This music is seemingly eerie and dark. It is almost drone like and harrowing making it ideal for the genre of film which is quite dark itself. Towards the death scene there is little music as to not distract from what's actually happening.

How does the recurring sound of the birds and music relate to the content?
The recurring sound of the birds and music give us a constant reminder of the loneliness and rather sterile atmosphere of the film. The sound of the birds work in conjunction with the music, almost symbiotically working to develop a stronger emotion and engagement with the audience.  The birds are also a signal that there is potential life and the capability to be free like a bird but this is clearly just dramatic effect and one that broadens the inevitable idea that this main character will die.



Sound in openings of genre films. For each selection decide:

Selection 1
Genre: Horror
  • Dark, dramatic, tense                                              
  • Fluctuates between loud and quiet tones
  • Sharp and abrupt tones that catch our attention  
  • Repetition - reflective of film genre?
  • Effectively building/telling us emotions
  • changes tempo frequently to build tension
  • Starts and stops
  • Use of sound effects and computer aided technology to create unnatural sounds
Selection 2
Genre: Action/Western
  • Classical
  • slow and fast tempo
  • abstract rendition
  • High pitched climax's
  • Associates with western countries  
  • Use of simple instruments-not too complicated but still effective
Selection 3
Genre: Sci-fi
  • Very instrumental
  • Rather adventurous and varying between tones
  • Loud and subtle background sounds that pay repetitively
  • Deep
  • Mysterious and outer space like - immerses the audience within film
All three of the genres have extremely different tones and sounds that are accustomed and tailored to their target audience. The use of music is very important in catching the audience's attention and also telling us what a film is about from the outset. Some of these genres are developed using computer aided technology to create these rather interesting and abstract sounds, horror is a good example of a genre that does this. Other genres like action or sci-fi use more instrumental or classical instruments to create a certain sound. This is good for creating classical sounds that can then be played back by orchestras (this happens when film companies turn their film into theatrical productions to gain more money and so in turn will need instrumental music played by an orchestra).
           
                                                  (ONLY WATCH TO 1:16)

From the very beginning of the scene we are immediately shown a distant perspective of the setting to quickly tell the viewer where the main character is in relation to his surroundings. This also establishes the setting and also captivates the entire set. Furthermore, we learn that the character is lying down among a very crowded beach full of people which is seen in the background. It is obviously a hot day due to the fact that everyone is seen with swimming costumes on, except from the main character, Theodore. This is perhaps metaphorically suggesting that he is different and somewhat isolated from society as he disregards the need to be like everyone else. As the clip progresses, there is a panned view of beach giving us an insight into what Theodore is viewing. The fact that this is slightly blurred again reinforces this idea that he is somewhere distant from the busyness and immersed within his own world. Objects are clearly seen positioned carefully on the beach trying to make the view more believable and a natural occurrence. The warm tones and colours also make this particular clip more intimate and close, trying to captivate the scene and involve the audience as if we were actually there.

The following scene is a still of the sea and sunset. Conversely, the colors seen are seemingly bluer and this therefore makes the atmosphere rather cold and lonely. Maybe it’s implying a sense of reflection or time alone from the scene prior to it. It also gives a more relaxing and calm impression, notifying the audience that the film is progressing and the mood has completely changed. In the distance we can see the sun which is hiding behind some clouds. This is really significant in terms of positioning as it gives the shot a focal point which grabs our attention more so than a clear sky. It also tells us that we are now in the evening of that same day which is important chronologically so we cannot assume the story has skipped in time. There is also some very close shots of the main character and the background is almost entirely blurred to draw our attention and show that the setting is now not as important as the character being filmed. 









Film setting

The setting of a film is really important when it comes to films. Not only does the setting give a direct observation of whats going on it also hints on the genre, mood, time period and progression of the film. In most cases, the settings of each clip in a film, although only last for a few seconds, are chosen and shot in other places of the country or even across the world. Furthermore, its common for films to completely alter a location on scene so it matches with the theme and genre of that particular film. This can be done by props, backdrops, people on set, and camera angles to give a completely different impression or perspective. The setting is also assisted by editing and lighting which can change the atmosphere of the shot. 

Our Task / The last Duchess clip 1 
Our task was to watch a short scene from the film "the Duchess" and explain why setting is so important to the film and audience. 

1. Why do you think the scene begins with a shot through an archway?
One of the main reasons why the shot begins from an archway is to both establish the scene and give a sense of scale from an enclosed area. This adds to the perspective of a passer-by which is important as it almost places the audience on the street to make us feel like were there. The archway could also signify this sense of looking in to a window of the atmosphere; a metaphorical entrance to another critical scene of importance. 

2. As they drive through the streets of london, what images of the streets do we see? What do we see in the streets? 
As the clip progresses we can clearly see crowds of people that dominate the screen. This overwhelms the viewer and contributes to the busyness of the action even without being there. Poverty is obviously the implication as the cart travels along this seemingly long and narrow road full of people. There is some juxtaposition between the wealthy and the poor, hard working people which shows the class gap of the time. 

3.Why do you think we are shown so many shots of market places?
I think the market is seen so many times as way of suggesting how critical and relevant it is in terms of clarifying the class gap. It also builds up a bigger picture of what life was like back then and gives us an idea on just how severe and popular poverty was. The scene is filmed to trick the audience into thinking the street is longer too as a way of showing just how many people there were.

4. How does the courtyard of Devon shire house contrast with what we have just seen? 
The courtyard is somewhat cleaner and not as busy. The entire atmosphere feels more open, and airy.Moreover, the building is lighter in colour as opposed to the contrast of colours that filled the scene prior to this. The setting is definitely more formal with the positioning of the guards and the way the cart enters the building. However, we still know the location is somewhat urban or at least very close to the poverty that surrounds its walls. 

5. There are two more shots of archways- as they enter the courtyard and as they enter the house- why do you think the director chose these two archways? 
Again the archways show this sense of scale and gives an insight to the room from the character's perspective. It could also show this sense of a journey, which is what is actually happening. The two archways also separate the two entrances, showing just how big the site is but also where the characters are meant to be. 

6.What feelings and ideas are suggested by the look of the hallway? 
The hallway is seemingly vast, open and grand. This both impresses us visually but also overwhelms us, perhaps similar to that of the duchess? This big entrance is rather desolate and empty which again reflects the king who has power and wealth but seems rather lonely just like the setting suggests. It also isn't very warm or homely with the guards standing in position and looking very serious. 

7. How does the look of the bedroom contrast with what we have seen of the rest of the house? 
In contrast, the bedroom appears rather warm and enclosed which gives the sense of intimacy and passion. Perhaps these humid reds and browns add to this idea and make the room feel more relaxing and private; an escape from the rest of the house. Also, the room is furnished with wooden panels and paintings which is very different from the cold and sterile vibe of the hallway entrance which is more basic.


Clip 2 - The last King Of Scotland

1. Describe the mission station where the journey begins. What impressions do you have about the mission?
 One of the first impressions we get from the first scene of the mission station is that the area is quite exposed and therefore gives the main character, Nicholas, little privacy. This is seen by the open planned building and clear windows that surround it. We also understand that the scene is rather rural and somewhat lacking in wealth because of the muddy grounds and trees that make the setting quite isolated and distant from any form of luxury or comfort.

2.What other locations are shown as Nicholas looks out of the window of the car? How does each location that he sees build up to his arrival in the capital?
As Nicholas drives through each location, it gradually becomes more dense with increasingly more people being shown. We are aware we are still in a rural community as these people are rather welcoming and wave to Nicholas (as they believe he is the president) The luscious green trees and brown dirty road contrast each other and immediately tell the viewer that we are in a foreign country or at least, a country of deprived wealth because no proper roads have been made . Furthermore, the colors are important as they give an insight into the warmth of the country and remind us that the journey is still progressing. This location is filmed for quite a long time so we can develop our understanding of the setting but also to allow the viewer to observe what is going on and how the surroundings influence the story line.  He finally arrives in the city which is a stark contrast from the initial few scenes. The overall appearance is one of chaos and busyness but is seemingly clean and airy. Vast buildings seem to overwhelm us and make the location prior to it somewhat distant which helps clarify the length of the journey itself. It is also the most densely populated with people being seen almost entirely throughout the shot.

3.How does the capital city setting at the end oh his journey contrast with the mission at the beginning?
The city is much more urbanized than the mission station and we immediately assume that it is well maintained as opposed to the rural villages seen before. The city is full of people, traffic and buildings that seem to make the entire atmosphere more busy and perhaps more serious. This is illustrated by the difference of characteristics of the people in the city than the people at the beginning of the journey. The city people dismiss the presidents car whereas the others seemed to see it as a rarity or a privilege by waving and smiling at Nicholas. This could perhaps suggest the city people are too oblivious to notice the car, merely caught in the busyness of the city setting.


1. How important are characters particularly in the opening 2 minutes of a film?
Characters are one of the most important things in filming and really help give a meaning to the plot or narrative but also to establish main characters or traits that will occur later on in the film. In the opening sequence, we may see only a few characters (some of which might not have anything to do with the main story or form a role as a main character at all) but other times, opening scenes will cast rather a lot of characters. This depends on the narrative or story itself but generally, opening scenes stage merely a couple of characters as to allow for the audience to become familiar with these people and establish a background to their personality.
If characters were not seen in the opening sequence, then the scene would lack that depth and ultimately the appeal to watch the film anyway. Without the characters, the audience may be confused on what the film is all about, likening the chance for them to disengage with the film entirely early on.

2.Character profiles of 3 existing feature film characters;

1.

Name: Indiana Jones
Nickname- None
Gender-Male
Age- around 40
Ethnicity-American

Appearance:

Eye colour- Brown
Hair colour- Brown 
Height and build- Well built and average height 
Clothing/style- tattered and in most cased worn or ripped clothing that is the result of intense violence or wounds. 



Role:

character function- He is the main character in the film-he is our heroin who eventually solves the problem after a long and intense quest set out from the beginning of the film. 
Character objective- His objective is to defeat the villain. 
Characters personality- Intelligent, witty, crafty, educated.

What makes the characters so iconic?-
Indiana Jones is perhaps one of the most iconic action characters of all time. This is most likely down to his witty sayings and ability to resolve issues within the plot. His style also contributes to his popularity through his famous Stetson or cowboy hat and also his whip which he involves most commonly in chase scenes or to defend himself in scenes of intense violence. 
What do they add to the narrative?- 
How much does the audience find out about them in the opening 2 minutes?-
A the start of every Indiana Jones movie there is a clear understanding of the main character as we are able to develop character traits as they often begin with action chase scenes. Depending on which film, Indiana is known to exchange dialogue which hints on his background a little but also we get a better understanding merely from his clothing. However, in other films, Jones is not seen on screen for a while as other characters are introduced or prioritized to assist the entire narrative of the film.




2. Name: Cooper 
Nickname- None 
Gender-Male 
Age- around 40 
Ethnicity-American 

Appearance:

Eye colour- Brown
Hair colour- Brown 
Height and build- Well built and quite tall 
Clothing/style- On earth- very casual, relaxed clothing with not much colour to show he is a rather serious person. 
Space- Space equipment like helmet, gloves, safety jacket, underclothing 


Role:

character function- Cooper is the main character of the film who is employed by NASA to help save the world/gain new information. 
Character objective- To source reason and new information regarding space travel. He sees a sign that urges his travel to space. 
Characters personality- Extremely intelligent, serious, emotional and loving towards family and close friends. 

What makes the characters so iconic? 
The fact the Cooper is this very ordinary man, with a normal background history and father of a family. He is also seemingly depressed and is obviously hard-working or at least appears to be meaning he is often stressful. He then becomes this very respectable or admirable character which is quite the opposite of this useless father figure that he is made out to be prior. He is seen with a great perseverance and love for his family ("Love transcends through time and space") but also ruthless in terms of benefiting the future planet whether that means leaving people behind or involving in heated arguments that ultimately make us feel great sympathy and also support to the character himself. 
What do they add to the narrative? 
How much does the audience find out about them in the opening 2 minutes?-
We don't actually see Cooper in the first opening 2 minutes of film because we are introduced to the setting indirectly by elderly people talking. This is somewhat boring at first but it actually helps give us a better understanding of the setting and background information on Cooper or the environment he lives in.


3. 
3. Name- Martin Mcfly 
    Nickname- Marty 
    Gender- Male 
    Age- 18 
    Ethnicity- White American 


Appearance:

Eye colour- Brown
Hair colour- Brown 
Height and build- Quite small, slim. 
Clothing/style- Stylish clothing of the time (1985), colourful and clashing colours seen by the orange gilet, denim jacket, patterned shirt and jeans.  


Role:

character function- One of the main characters. 
Character objective- To travel with Doc back in time or in the future and win over the villain - Biff. 
Characters personality- Intelligent, witty, caring to family. 
What makes the characters so iconic? 
Marty is a very well-know character perhaps mainly because of his very peculiar clothing style as he wears these very contrasting clothing and the all-famous orange gilet. He is also know for sayings and his involvement with the travelling back in time with Doc Brown. 
What do they add to the narrative? 
How much does the audience find out about them in the opening 2 minutes?
We actually find out abut marty from the very beginning as their is dialogue when Marty is seen on the phone to Doc explaining how he is late to school. We then follow Marty as he travels to school on his skateboard. As he is moving we develop a better understanding of his personality or appearance. For instance, we know he is popular with women as he waves to the gym class as he rides behind the truck but the entire journey is somewhat risky suggesting that Marty is one to take risks.












What is Narrative?
The narrative is the retelling or recount of events, often in word format (oral narrative) as opposed to written narrative. This idea doesn't focus on the actual story itself nor does it communicate with the what is going on visually but more the telling of the story. A story is just the sequence of events but the Narrative recounts these events and can emphasise on things that have happened prior to the main story itself.

What are the conventions of narratives in each of the following genres:
  • Comedy
  • Horror
  • Action
  • Drama
  • Romance
Comedy:
Narrative plays an important role in comedy because as to ultimately keep the audience entertained and engaged with the film. It must fit into three main bodies being: Slapstick, Dark humour and Wit/Wordplay.

Horror:
When we think about the conventions of narrative in Horror we would expect to see the devices that are used to communicate a story to the audience. These are:
  • The narrative must provide a template or formula in film production.
  • The narrative must be clear to the audience to allow them to recognise the structure and genre of the film as a way of developing an understanding of why events happen and their order.
Action:
An action adventure film is essentially one long quest or mission that takes up the majority of the film itself  with a succession of different chase sequences that allow for the story to flow. It is these chase sequences that keeps us hooked and encourages us to watch on which highlights the importance of film narrative which helps organize these scenes. The action film should then finally end with a finale that solves these problem(s). 
Drama:
The genre of Drama ties in with narrative well when we consider these points:
  • Intense social interaction with other characters
  • Plot twist that is not expected - can lead us down a different viewpoint or outcome that we did not expect.
  • Must move the audience emotionally
  • Should exhibit real life situations with realistic characters, settings, and stories.
Romance:
  • "Boy meets girl" scenario- typical guideline to satisfy audiences expectations.
  • Everyday events
  • Characters go separate ways perhaps because of an argument but can then re-unite.
  • Typically aimed at the female audience.
Narrative Theories:
Propp:
  • Vladimir prop studied hundreds of Russian folk and fairy tales before deciding that all narratives have a common structure.
  • He also observed that narratives are shaped and directed by different types of characters and specific actions or events.
  • He claimed that there are 32 stages/functions that form a narrative.
  • He said that the function is a plot motif or critical event in the story.
  • A tale can skip these functions but it cannot shuffle their unvarying order.
Todorov:
Todorov's theory involved five stages of which a narrative must pass through:
  1. The state of equilibrium (state of normality-good, bad or neutral).
  2. An event that interferes with this equilibrium ( a character or action).
  3. The main protagonist recognises that this equilibrium has been disrupted.
  4. The protagonist attempts to rectify or correct this to restore the equilibrium.
  5. The equilibrium is restored but there are now differences (good, bad or neutral) from the original.
Claude Levi-Strauss's theory:


Claude Levi Strauss studied hundred of myths and legends to form the theory that humans make sense of the world, people and events by seeing and using binary opposites.
He realised that narratives were arranged around the conflict of binary opposites.
He also found that words act as "symbols for society's ideas" and the meaning behind words is a relationship rather than a certain meaning or definition -a relationship between opposing ideas.




Example of Binary opposites:
  • Good vs Evil
  • Black vs white 
  • protagonist vs antagonist
  • humanity vs technology
  • Young vs old
  • man vs nature
  • black vs white  
Barthes Theory:


Barthes explains how text and dialogue within narrative is
like a "tangled ball of threads" and that this ball needs to be
unravelled. When unravelled, we gain a more in-depth insight to a variety of meanings. He said that as an audience we can look at a narrative in one way from one viewpoint and create one meaning for that text. Or you can look at this text and look at it in a different perspective with an entirely different meaning.

He highlighted these Five Codes which are key to any narrative:
  • The hermeneutic Code (HER)
  • The Enigma/Proairetic Code (ACT)
  • The Symbolic Code (SYM)
  • The Cultural Code (REF)
  • The Semantic Code (SEM)